Data Visualisation in R

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# Data Visualisation in R
## From ggplot2 to gganimate
### Danielle Navarro     @djnavarro
### <a href='https://djnavarro.github.io/satrdayjoburg/'>https://djnavarro.github.io/satrdayjoburg/</a> 5 April 2019

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# Data visualisation

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[@allison_horst](https://twitter.com/allison_horst)

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.font4[A plot of the Sydney Beaches data]
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```r
# load data
beaches <- read_csv(here("data","sydneybeaches3.csv"))

# show data
beaches
```

```
## # A tibble: 344 x 12
## date year month day season rainfall temperature enterococci
## <date> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2013-01-02 2013 1 2 1 0 23.4 6.7
## 2 2013-01-06 2013 1 6 1 0 30.3 2 
## 3 2013-01-12 2013 1 12 1 0 31.4 69.1
## 4 2013-01-18 2013 1 18 1 0 46.4 9 
## 5 2013-01-24 2013 1 24 1 0 27.5 33.9
## 6 2013-01-30 2013 1 30 1 0.6 26.6 26.5
## 7 2013-02-05 2013 2 5 1 0.1 25.7 66.9
## 8 2013-02-11 2013 2 11 1 8 22.2 118. 
## 9 2013-02-17 2013 2 17 1 13.6 26.3 75 
## 10 2013-02-23 2013 2 23 1 7.2 24.8 311. 
## # ... with 334 more rows, and 4 more variables: day_num <dbl>,
## # month_num <dbl>, month_name <chr>, season_name <chr>
```
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A simple plot

```r
ggplot(
  beaches, 
  aes(temperature, rainfall)
) + 
geom_point()
```

- A little verbose?
- Not the prettiest plot?
- Why is it like this?

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![](index_files/figure-html/introplot-1.png)

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.font4[Painting a Picture]
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## A grammar...

- grammars compose & reuse small parts
- complex structures from simpler units

## ...of graphics

- uses the "painters model"
- a plot is built in layers
- each layer is drawn on top of the last

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[Image credit: Trinity Treft](https://unsplash.com/photos/waYWz3vAYJQ)

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A blank canvas

```r
ggplot()
```

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Specify the .orange[data]

```r
ggplot(
* data = beaches
)
```

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A .orange[mapping] from data onto plot .orange[aesthetics]

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
* mapping = aes(
*   x = temperature,
*   y = rainfall
* )
)
```

- .orange[x]-axis location
- .orange[y]-axis location
- .orange[colour] of marker
- .orange[fill] of a marker
- .orange[shape] of a marker, etc.
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Add a plot .orange[layer]

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
*geom_point()
```

- the .orange[points]
- the .orange[lines]
- the .orange[histograms]
- etc

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Add layer-specific parameters

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
*geom_point(size = 3)
```

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Add layer-specific mappings

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
geom_point(
* mapping = aes(colour = season_name),
  size = 3
)   
```

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Add more layers to the plotcake

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
geom_point(
  mapping = aes(colour = season_name),
  size = 3
) + 
*geom_rug()
```

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Split into .orange[facets]

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
geom_point(
  mapping = aes(colour = season_name), 
  size = 2
) + 
geom_rug() + 
*facet_wrap(vars(season_name))
```

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Remove an unwanted legend?

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall
  ) 
) + 
geom_point(
  mapping = aes(colour = season_name), 
  size = 2,
* show.legend = FALSE
) + 
geom_rug() + 
facet_wrap(vars(season_name)) 
```

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![](index_files/figure-html/remove_legend-1.png)

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Modify the .orange[theme]

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(Nothing to see here...)

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Make nicer titles

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall)) + 
geom_point(
  mapping = aes(colour = season_name), 
  size = 2,
  show.legend = FALSE) +  
geom_rug() + 
facet_wrap(vars(season_name)) + 
theme_bw() +
*labs(
* title = "Sydney weather by season",
* subtitle = "Data from 2013 to 2018",
* x = "Temperature (Celsius)",
* y = "Rainfall (mm)"
*) 
```

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Done! Our plotcake is baked.

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, 
    y = rainfall)) + 
geom_point(
  mapping = aes(colour = season_name), 
  size = 2,
  show.legend = FALSE) +  
geom_rug() + 
facet_wrap(vars(season_name)) + 
theme_bw() +
labs( 
  title = "Sydney weather by season", 
  subtitle = "Data from 2013 to 2018", 
  x = "Temperature (Celsius)", 
  y = "Rainfall (mm)" 
) 
```
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All the ingredients are needed!

- Data
- Aesthetics
- Layers
- Facets
- Theme
- (Coordinates)
- (Scales)

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So when I type this...

```r
ggplot(
  beaches, 
  aes(temperature, rainfall)
) + 
geom_point()
```

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All the ingredients are needed!

- Data
- Aesthetics
- Layers
- Facets
- Theme
- (Coordinates)
- (Scales)

]]]
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What I get is this...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches, 
  mapping = aes(
    x = temperature, y = rainfall)) + 
layer(
  geom = "point",
  stat = "identity",
  position = "identity") + 
facet_null() +
theme_grey() + 
coord_cartesian() + 
scale_x_continuous() + 
scale_y_continuous()
```

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.font4[Aesthetics]
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Locations (.orange[x] and .orange[y]) are aesthetics

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
*   x = date,
*   y = log10(enterococci)
  ) 
) + 
geom_line()
```

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The .orange[colour] can be an aesthetic

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci),
*   colour = season_name
  ) 
) + 
geom_line()
```

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The .orange[group] aesthetic matters!

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci),
    colour = season_name,
*   group = 1,
  ) 
) + 
geom_line()
```

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The .orange[group] aesthetic matters!

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci),
    colour = season_name,
*   group = month,
  ) 
) + 
geom_line()
```

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The .orange[fill] can be an aesthetic

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = log10(enterococci),
*   fill = season_name
  ) 
) + 
*geom_histogram()
```

]]]
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.font4[Geoms]
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Points and lines are "simple" geoms

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci)
  ) 
) + 
*geom_line()
```

]]]
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Points and lines are "simple" geoms

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci)
  ) 
) + 
*geom_point()
```

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Geoms can be layered and take parameters

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci)
  ) 
) + 
*geom_point(size = 5) +
*geom_line(colour = "red")
```

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The order of geoms matters

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci)
  ) 
) + 
*geom_line(colour = "red") +
*geom_point(size = 5)
```

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Geoms can have different mappings

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci)) ) + 
geom_line(
  linewidth = 2, 
* colour = "black") +
geom_point(
* mapping = aes(colour = season_name),
  size = 5) 
```

- Must be consistent
- Cannot map .orange[x] to two variables

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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = season_name,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
*geom_boxplot()
```

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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = season_name,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
*geom_violin()
```

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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
*geom_bin2d()
```

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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
*geom_hex()
```

]]]
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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
*geom_density_2d()
```

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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
geom_point() +
*geom_smooth()
```

]]]
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Geoms come in many varieties...

```r
ggplot(
  data = beaches,
  mapping = aes(
    x = date,
    y = log10(enterococci))
  ) + 
geom_point() +
*geom_smooth(method = "lm")
```

]]]
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---

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.font4[How are layers structured?]
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Let's create a plot with no layers!

```r
p <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(x = temperature)) + 
facet_wrap(vars(season_name)) + 
labs( 
 title = "Sydney temperature, 2013-2018", 
 x = "Temperature (Celsius)", y = "")

print(p)
```

- The partial plot is stored
- Can add to it as needed
- Useful for programming

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Layers can compute things!

```r
p + geom_histogram() 
```

- histograms are not "in the data"
- this is computed by the layer...
- (...sort of)

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Layers can compute things!

```r
p1 <- p + geom_histogram() 
p2 <- p + geom_density() 
p2
```

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The layer information... density

```r
p2$layers
```

```
## [[1]]
## geom_density: na.rm = FALSE
## stat_density: na.rm = FALSE
## position_identity
```

Each layer specifies:
- A .orange[geom]: the graphical object to be drawn
- A .orange[stat]: what "statistic" it is applied to
- A .orange[position]: how it is placed

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The layer information... histogram

```r
p1$layers
```

```
## [[1]]
## geom_bar: na.rm = FALSE
## stat_bin: binwidth = NULL, bins = NULL, na.rm = FALSE, pad = FALSE
## position_stack
```

- There is hidden complexity!
- Let's dig into this...

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Our histogram...

```r
p + geom_histogram(
  stat = "bin",
  position = "stack"
) 
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-56-1.png)

]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Our histogram...

```r
p + stat_bin(
  geom = "bar",
  position = "stack"
) 
```

- It is the same?!
- It is, but don't do this!
- Use geom to make layers
- Use stat to change computation
]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-58-1.png)

]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Reverse engineering...

```r
p + geom_histogram()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-60-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Reverse engineering...

```r
p + geom_bar(
  stat = "bin", 
  position = "stack"
) 
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-62-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Making a "dot histogram"

```r
p + geom_point(
  stat = "bin", 
  position = "stack" 
) 
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-64-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[

## [Why are you like this?](https:/cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/vignettes/extending-ggplot2.html)

"Unfortunately, due to an early design mistake I called these either stat\_() or geom\_(). A better decision would have been to call them layer\_() functions: that’s a more accurate description because every layer involves a stat and a geom."

]]]
]]
--
.column.bg-main3[.content.vmiddle.center[

[Hadley Wickham](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/vignettes/extending-ggplot2.html)

]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Positioning]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
This is not so helpful!

```r
f <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(
 x = temperature,
 fill = season_name)
 )

f + geom_density()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-66-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
f + geom_density(
  position = "identity",
  alpha = .5
)
```

- Geom: density
- Stat: density
- Position: .orange[identity]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-68-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
f + geom_density(
* position = "stack",
  alpha = .5
)
```

- Geom: density
- Stat: density
- Position: .orange[stack]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-70-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
f + geom_density(
* position = "fill",
  alpha = .5
)
```

- Geom: density
- Stat: density
- Position: .orange[fill]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-72-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
This is not so helpful!

```r
g <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(
 x = year,
 y = temperature)
 )

g + geom_point()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-74-1.png)

]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
g + geom_point(
  position = "identity",
  alpha = .5,
  size = 3
)
```

- Geom: point
- Stat: identity
- Position: .orange[identity]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-76-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
g + geom_point(
  position = "jitter",
  alpha = .5,
  size = 3
)
```

- Geom: point
- Stat: identity
- Position: .orange[jitter]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-78-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Let's be clearer...

```r
g + geom_point(
* position = position_jitter(
*   width = .1, height = 0),
  alpha = .5,
  size = 3
)
```

- Geom: point
- Stat: identity
- Position: .orange[jitter]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-80-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
In fact...

```r
*g + geom_jitter(
* width = .1,
* height = 0,
  alpha = .5,
  size = 3
)
```

- Geom: point
- Stat: identity
- Position: .orange[jitter]

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-82-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Stats]
(missing!!)
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Facetting]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A cluttered density plot...

```r
a <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(
 x = log10(enterococci),
 fill = season_name )
) + geom_density(
 show.legend = FALSE)

print(a)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-84-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Facetting on a grid...

```r
a + facet_grid(
  rows = vars(season_name)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-86-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Facetting on a grid...

```r
a + facet_grid(
  cols = vars(season_name)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-88-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Facetting on a grid...

```r
a + facet_grid(
  rows = vars(season_name),
  cols = vars(year)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-90-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Facetting by wrapping...

```r
a + facet_wrap(
  facets = vars(season_name), 
  nrow = 2)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-92-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Facetting by wrapping...

```r
a + facet_wrap(
  facets = vars(year, season_name)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-94-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Scales (location)]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A badly scaled plot...

```r
r <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(
 x = temperature,
 y = enterococci,
 colour = season_name,
 group = 1)) +
 geom_point()

print(r)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-96-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Better!

```r
r + scale_y_continuous(
  name = "Enterococci (cfu/100ml)",
  trans = "log10"
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-98-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Better!

```r
r + scale_y_continuous(
  name = "Enterococci (cfu/100ml)",
  trans = "log10",
  labels = scales::number_format(
    digits = 3)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-100-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Even better!

```r
r + scale_y_continuous(
  name = "Enterococci (cfu/100ml)",
  trans = "log10",
  labels = scales::number_format(
    digits = 3)
  ) + 
  scale_x_continuous(
    name = "Temperature",
    labels = scales::unit_format(
      suffix = "°C")
  )
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-102-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Scales (colour/fill)]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Now where were we...

```r
b
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-104-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Colour/fill aesthetics have scales

```r
b + scale_colour_discrete(
  name = "Season"
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-106-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Many packages provide scales/palettes

```r
b + scico::scale_colour_scico_d(
  name = "Season",
  palette = "lajolla"
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-108-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Many packages provide scales/palettes

```r
b + scico::scale_colour_scico_d(
  name = "Season",
  palette = "bilbao"
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-110-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Coordinates]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
(Some preprocessing...)

```r
rain <- beaches %>% 
 group_by(
 month, year, season_name
 ) %>%
 summarise(
 rain = mean(rainfall)
 ) %>%
 ungroup() %>%
 spread(
 key = year, 
 value = rain
 )
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

```
## # A tibble: 12 x 8
## month season_name `2013` `2014` `2015` `2016` `2017` `2018`
## <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 1 Summer 0.10 0.933 4.6 12.1 2.08 4.24 
## 2 2 Summer 7.22 6.6 2.6 9.24 6.42 0.16 
## 3 3 Autumn 5.72 4.53 5.75 12.3 7.62 3.4 
## 4 4 Autumn 4.08 2.4 4.2 6.16 11.7 0.4 
## 5 5 Autumn 1.97 0.12 2.22 0.05 0.317 0.0167
## 6 6 Winter 23.3 2.85 2.96 4.27 11.5 4.04 
## 7 7 Winter 0 0 3.23 8.68 0 0.02 
## 8 8 Winter 2.08 5.43 12.4 0.2 1.56 0.633 
## 9 9 Spring 0.36 NA 6.32 2.3 0.3 0.08 
## 10 10 Spring 9.2 1.5 1.12 1.30 4.97 18 
## 11 11 Spring NA 1.5 3.32 2.28 0.12 NA 
## 12 12 Summer 0 5.05 17.6 6.72 0 NA
```
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple scatterplot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x = `2013`,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_point(size = 5) 
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-114-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple scatterplot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x = `2013`,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_point(size = 5) + 
*geom_abline(
* slope = 1,
* intercept = 0
*) 
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-116-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple scatterplot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x = `2013`,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_point(size = 5) + 
geom_abline( 
  slope = 1, 
  intercept = 0 
) + 
*coord_equal()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-118-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple scatterplot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x = `2013`,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_point(size = 5) + 
geom_abline( 
  slope = 1, 
  intercept = 0 
) + 
coord_equal(
* xlim = c(0, 25),
* ylim = c(0, 25)
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-120-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple scatterplot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x = `2013`,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_point(size = 5) + 
geom_abline( 
  slope = 1, 
  intercept = 0 
) + 
*coord_cartesian(
  xlim = c(0, 25), 
  ylim = c(0, 25) 
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-122-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple bar plot

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x =  month,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name,
    fill = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_col()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-124-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple bar plot, ruined

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x =  month,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name,
    fill = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_col() + 
*coord_polar()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-126-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A simple bar plot, ruined

```r
ggplot(
  data = rain,
  mapping = aes(
    x =  month,
    y = `2017`,
    colour = season_name,
    fill = season_name
  )
) + 
geom_col() + 
*coord_polar(theta = "y")
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-128-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Themes]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Here's one from earlier...

```r
th <- b + 
 scico::scale_colour_scico_d(
 name = "Season",
 palette = "lajolla")

th
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-130-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
The default theme

```r
th + theme_grey()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-132-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Other global themes

```r
th + theme_dark()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-134-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Other global themes

```r
th + theme_bw()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-136-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Other global themes

```r
th + theme_void()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-138-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Customising a theme

```r
th + theme(
  plot.background = element_rect(
    fill = "#BA68C8", 
    colour = "#BA68C8"
  ) 
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-140-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Customising a theme

```r
u <- th + theme(
 plot.background = element_rect(
 fill = "#BA68C8", 
 colour = "#BA68C8"), 
 panel.background = element_rect(
 fill = "#562457",
 colour = "#562457")
)
u
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-142-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Customising a theme

```r
u <- u + theme(
 legend.background = element_rect(
 fill = "#BA68C8", 
 colour = "#BA68C8"))
u
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-144-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Customising a theme

```r
u <- u + theme(
 text = element_text(
 colour = "white",
 size = 18
 ))
u
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-146-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Customising a theme

```r
u <- u + theme(
 axis.text = element_text(
 colour = "white",
 size = 18
 ))
u
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-148-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: bg-main1

.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Kunoichi theme (incomplete)

```r
theme_kunoichi <- function(...) {
 theme_grey(...) %+replace%
 theme( 
 plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#BA68C8", colour = "#BA68C8"),
 panel.background = element_rect(fill = "#562457", colour = "#562457"),
 legend.background = element_rect(fill = "#BA68C8", colour = "#BA68C8"),
 plot.title = element_text(colour = "white"),
 plot.subtitle = element_text(colour = "white"),
 axis.title = element_text(colour = "white"),
 axis.text = element_text(colour = "white"),
 legend.title = element_text(colour = "white"),
 legend.text = element_text(colour = "white")
 )
} 
```

]]]

---
class: split-40 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
And so...

```r
th + theme_kunoichi()
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-151-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Extensions (in brief!)]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Overriding defaults

```r
geom_dothistogram <- function(
 geom = "point", ...){
 
 layer <- stat_bin(geom = geom, ...)
 return(layer)
}

*p + geom_dothistogram(size = 3)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-153-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Entirely new geoms rely on .orange[grid] graphics...

```r
my_arrow <- function(data, panel_params, coord) {
 coords <- coord$transform(data, panel_params)
 trans <- function(coords, fun) {
 coords$length * coords$size * fun(2 * pi * coords$direction / 360)
 }

grid::polylineGrob(
    x = c(coords$x, coords$x + trans(coords, cos)),
    y = c(coords$y, coords$y + trans(coords, sin)),
    id = c(1:length(coords$x), 1:length(coords$x)),
    arrow = arrow(
      angle = 30,
      length = unit(coords$size * coords$length/2, "native")),
    default.units = "native",
    gp = grid::gpar(col = coords$colour, lwd = coords$linewidth)
  )
}
```

]]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Then we create a new .orange[ggproto] object...

```r
GeomVector <- ggproto(
 "GeomVector", Geom,
 required_aes = c("x", "y", 
 "direction", "length"),
 default_aes = aes(
 colour = "black", fill = NA, size = .025,
 linetype = 1, alpha = 1, linewidth = 1
 ),
 draw_key = draw_key_point,
 draw_panel = my_arrow
)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

What are you???

]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Now we define the layer function...

```r
geom_vector <- function(
 mapping = NULL, data = NULL,
 stat = "identity", position = "identity",
 na.rm = FALSE, show.legend = NA,
 inherit.aes = TRUE, ...) {

ggplot2::layer(
    geom = GeomVector, mapping = mapping,
    data = data, stat = stat,
    position = position,
    show.legend = show.legend,
    inherit.aes = inherit.aes,
    params = list(na.rm = na.rm, ...)
  )
}
```

]]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Now we use it!

```r
vectors <- read_csv(
 here("data","vector_field.csv"))

ggplot(
  data = vectors,
  mapping = aes(
    x = xval,
    y = yval,
    direction = dir,
    length = len,
    colour = cosx)
  ) +
  geom_vector(linewidth = 2)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-158-1.png)
]]
]]

---

---

.reveal-text.bg-main2[.pad1[
.font4[Animation]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[

```r
# read geospatial data
syd <- read_sf(here("data","sydney.shp"))
syd$id <- 1:dim(syd)[1]

# plot it using sf
map <- ggplot(data = syd) +
 geom_sf(mapping = aes(
 geometry = geometry, fill = ar_2016),
 colour = "white", 
 show.legend = FALSE) + 
 theme_kunoichi()

# gif it using gganimate
map +
  transition_states(id) +
  shadow_mark(alpha = .5)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-160-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class:bg-main1

.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[

```r
bridges <- read_csv( here("data","brownian_bridges.csv"))
bridges
```

```
## # A tibble: 160 x 4
## Time Horizontal Vertical Series
## <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 1 0 0 1
## 2 2 -0.133 -0.137 1
## 3 3 -0.253 -0.164 1
## 4 4 -0.0901 -0.104 1
## 5 5 -0.0588 -0.168 1
## 6 6 -0.524 -0.431 1
## 7 7 -0.503 -0.778 1
## 8 8 -0.487 -0.599 1
## 9 9 -0.167 -0.370 1
## 10 10 -0.0453 -0.259 1
## # ... with 150 more rows
```
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Brownian bridge paths

```r
a <- ggplot(
 data = bridges,
 mapping = aes(
 x = Horizontal,
 y = Vertical,
 colour = factor(Series))
) + geom_line(colour = "black") +
 geom_point(
 show.legend = FALSE,
 size = 2) +
 coord_equal() +
 xlim(-1.5, 1) +
 ylim(-1.25, 1.25)

a + facet_wrap(vars(Series))
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-163-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
An alternative representation

```r
b <- ggplot(
 data = bridges,
 mapping = aes(
 x = Horizontal,
 y = Vertical,
 colour = factor(Series))
) +
 geom_point(
 show.legend = FALSE,
 size = 4) +
 coord_equal() +
 xlim(-1.5, 1) +
 ylim(-1.25, 1.25)

b + facet_wrap(vars(Time))
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-165-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Animation as faceting over time...

```r
# Instead of this:
# b + facet_wrap(facets = vars(Time))

# Do this:
b + transition_time(time = Time)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-167-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
You can add shadows...

```r
b + 
  transition_time(time = Time) + 
  shadow_wake(wake_length = .2)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-169-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
You can add shadows...

```r
c <- b + 
 transition_time(time = Time) + 
 shadow_wake(wake_length = .2)

animate(c, detail = 5, type = "cairo")
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-171-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
You can add shadows...

```r
c <- b + 
 theme_kunoichi() +
 transition_time(time = Time) + 
 shadow_wake(
 wake_length = .3,
 size = 15,
 colour = "white",
 falloff = "quintic-in",
 wrap = FALSE
 )

animate(c, detail = 5, type = "cairo")
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-173-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
You can animate different things...

```r
c <- a + 
 theme_kunoichi() +
 transition_states(states = Series)

animate(c, detail = 5, type = "cairo")
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-175-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
A familiar plot!

```r
d <- ggplot(
 data = beaches,
 mapping = aes(
 x = date,
 y = temperature,
 colour = season_name,
 group = 1
 )
) +
geom_path() +
geom_point()

d
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-177-1.png)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
This seems to make sense!

```r
d + transition_time(date)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
Although...
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-179-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
Try a reveal transition?

```r
d + transition_reveal(date)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
What's up with the dot?
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-181-1.gif)
]]
]]

---
class: split-50 bg-main1

.column.bg-main1[.content.vtop.center[
.pull.left[.pad1[.font2[
An alternative possibility

```r
d + 
  transition_time(date) + 
  shadow_mark(alpha = .5)
```

]]]
]]

.column.bg-main3[.content.vtop.center[
.pad1[.font2[
Although...
![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-183-1.gif)
]]
]]

---

---

## thank u